[Adherence to school food and associated factors among adolescents in public schools in the Southern region of Brazil]. / Adesão à alimentação escolar e fatores associados em adolescentes de escolas públicas na região Sul do Brasil.

The scope of this study was to analyze adherence to school food and associated factors among adolescents from public state schools in the municipality of Lapa, Paraná, in the Southern region of Brazil. The study uses a cross-sectional and analytical design and includes 492 male and female adolescents aged 10 to 19 years from five urban and five rural schools in the municipality. The students underwent anthropometric assessment and answered a questionnaire about school food and alternative food intakes (purchased or home-cooked). Their parents/guardians answered a questionnaire about their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. An adjusted proportional odds regression model investigated the associations. The effective adherence to school food was 30.1% in rural schools and 23.7% in urban schools. Dislike of the food preparation was the main reason for non-adherence. The results showed lesser adherence among adolescents with higher per capita family income who consumed alternative food products four to five times per week. Adolescents who considered school food healthy showed higher adherence. Low adherence to school food indicates the inadequate universality of the program. The factors revealed may help to improve program planning and execution.

Objetivou-se analisar o índice de adesão à alimentação escolar e os fatores associados entre adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas estaduais do município da Lapa, Paraná, sul do Brasil. De caráter transversal e analítico, incluiu 492 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos de cinco escolas urbanas e cinco rurais do município. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre o consumo da alimentação escolar e de alimentos competitivos (aqueles comprados ou trazidos de casa) e realizada a avaliação antropométrica nos adolescentes. Os seus pais/responsáveis responderam um questionário demográfico e socioeconômico. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão de "odds" proporcionais ajustado para verificar as associações. O índice de adesão efetiva à alimentação escolar foi de 30,1% nas escolas rurais e de 23,7% nas urbanas. Não gostar das preparações servidas foi o principal motivo apontado para a não adesão. Observou-se menor adesão entre os adolescentes que possuíam maior renda familiar per capita e entre os que consumiam alimentos competitivos de 4 a 5x/semana. A adesão foi maior entre aqueles que consideravam a alimentação escolar saudável. Diante do baixo índice de adesão à alimentação escolar, a universalidade do atendimento não está sendo atingida. Os fatores apontados podem auxiliar em melhoras na execução do programa.

Adesão à alimentação escolar e fatores associados em adolescentes de escolas públicas na região Sul do Brasil / Adherence to school food and associated factors among adolescents in public schools in the Southern region of Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o índice de adesão à alimentação escolar e os fatores associados entre adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas estaduais do município da Lapa, Paraná, sul do Brasil. De caráter transversal e analítico, incluiu 492 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos de cinco escolas urbanas e cinco rurais do município. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre o consumo da alimentação escolar e de alimentos competitivos (aqueles comprados ou trazidos de casa) e realizada a avaliação antropométrica nos adolescentes. Os seus pais/responsáveis responderam um questionário demográfico e socioeconômico. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão de "odds" proporcionais ajustado para verificar as associações. O índice de adesão efetiva à alimentação escolar foi de 30,1% nas escolas rurais e de 23,7% nas urbanas. Não gostar das preparações servidas foi o principal motivo apontado para a não adesão. Observou-se menor adesão entre os adolescentes que possuíam maior renda familiar per capita e entre os que consumiam alimentos competitivos de 4 a 5x/semana. A adesão foi maior entre aqueles que consideravam a alimentação escolar saudável. Diante do baixo índice de adesão à alimentação escolar, a universalidade do atendimento não está sendo atingida. Os fatores apontados podem auxiliar em melhoras na execução do programa.

Abstract The scope of this study was to analyze adherence to school food and associated factors among adolescents from public state schools in the municipality of Lapa, Paraná, in the Southern region of Brazil. The study uses a cross-sectional and analytical design and includes 492 male and female adolescents aged 10 to 19 years from five urban and five rural schools in the municipality. The students underwent anthropometric assessment and answered a questionnaire about school food and alternative food intakes (purchased or home-cooked). Their parents/guardians answered a questionnaire about their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. An adjusted proportional odds regression model investigated the associations. The effective adherence to school food was 30.1% in rural schools and 23.7% in urban schools. Dislike of the food preparation was the main reason for non-adherence. The results showed lesser adherence among adolescents with higher per capita family income who consumed alternative food products four to five times per week. Adolescents who considered school food healthy showed higher adherence. Low adherence to school food indicates the inadequate universality of the program. The factors revealed may help to improve program planning and execution.

Intrauterine growth and the vitamin e status of full-term and preterm newborns / Crescimento intrauterino e status de vitamina e de recém-nascidos a termo e pré-termo

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in umbilical cord serum of full-term and preterm newborns, in order to assess the nutritional status of both groups in relation to the vitamin and its possible correlation with intrauterine growth. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study conducted with 140 newborns, of which 64 were preterm and 76 were full-term. They did not have any malformations, they came from healthy mothers, who were nonsmokers, and delivered a single baby. Intrauterine growth was evaluated by weight-to-gestational age at birth, using Intergrowth-21st. Thealpha-tocopherol levels of umbilical cord serum were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: The mean concentration of alpha-tocopherol in umbilical cord serum for preterm and full-term infants was 263.3±129.5 and 247.0±147.6 µg/dL (p=0.494). In the preterm group, 23% were small for gestational age, whereas in the full-term group, this percentage was only 7% (p=0.017). Low levels of vitamin E were found in 95.3% of preterm infants and 92.1% of full-term infants. There was no correlation between alpha-tocopherol levels and weight to gestational age Z score (p=0.951). Conclusions: No association was found between alpha-tocopherol levels and weight to gestational age at birth. Intrauterine growth restriction was more frequent in preterm infants and most infants had low levels of vitamin E at the time of delivery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a concentração de alfatocoferol em soro de cordão umbilical de recém-nascidos a termo e pré-termo, a fim de avaliar o estado nutricional de ambos os grupos com relação a essa vitamina e sua possível correlação sobre o crescimento intrauterino. Métodos: Estudo observacional de caráter transversal realizado com 140 recém-nascidos, 64 pré-termo e 76 a termo, sem malformações, oriundos de mães saudáveis, não fumantes e com parto de concepto único. O crescimento intrauterino foi avaliado pelo índice peso por idade gestacional ao nascer, utilizando a Intergrowth-21st. Os níveis de alfatocoferol do soro do cordão umbilical foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Resultados: A concentração média de alfatocoferol no soro do cordão umbilical para recém-nascidos pré-termo e a termo foi de, respectivamente, 263,3±129,5 e 247,0±147,6 µg/dL (p=0,494). Baixos níveis de vitamina E foram encontrados em 95,3% dos prematuros e em 92,1% dos neonatos a termo. Nogrupo pré-termo, 23% eram pequenos para a idade gestacional, enquanto no grupo a termo esse percentual foi de apenas 7% (p=0,017). Não houve correlação entre os níveis de alfatocoferol e o escore Z de peso para idade gestacional (p=0,951). Conclusões: Não foi encontrada associação entre os níveis de alfatocoferol e a adequação do peso à idade gestacional ao nascer. A restrição do crescimento intrauterino foi mais frequente nos nascidos pré-termo, e a maioria dos recém-nascidos apresentou níveis baixos de vitamina E no momento do parto.

INTRAUTERINE GROWTH AND THE VITAMIN E STATUS OF FULL-TERM AND PRETERM NEWBORNS.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in umbilical cord serum of full-term and preterm newborns, in order to assess the nutritional status of both groups in relation to the vitamin and its possible correlation with intrauterine growth. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study conducted with 140 newborns, of which 64 were preterm and 76 were full-term. They did not have any malformations, they came from healthy mothers, who were nonsmokers, and delivered a single baby. Intrauterine growth was evaluated by weight-to-gestational age at birth, using Intergrowth-21st. Thealpha-tocopherol levels of umbilical cord serum were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. RESULTS: The mean concentration of alpha-tocopherol in umbilical cord serum for preterm and full-term infants was 263.3±129.5 and 247.0±147.6 µg/dL (p=0.494). In the preterm group, 23% were small for gestational age, whereas in the full-term group, this percentage was only 7% (p=0.017). Low levels of vitamin E were found in 95.3% of preterm infants and 92.1% of full-term infants. There was no correlation between alpha-tocopherol levels and weight to gestational age Z score (p=0.951). CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between alpha-tocopherol levels and weight to gestational age at birth. Intrauterine growth restriction was more frequent in preterm infants and most infants had low levels of vitamin E at the time of delivery.

Prenatal evaluation in primary care in Northeast Brazil: factors associated with its adequacy.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize prenatal care and verify possible factors associated with its adequacy. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on interviews with health care professionals and consultations on official documents of women attending prenatal of the primary health care in the city of João Pessoa, capital of Paraíba, in the Northeast region of Brazil. Prenatal care was evaluated by an index with criteria referring to aspects of structure, process and outcome, denominated IPR/Prenatal. The multivariate logistic regression method revealed that demographic, socioeconomic, reproductive and maternal morbidity variables were possible determinants for prenatal adequacy. RESULTS: The survey involved 130 services and 1,625 primary health care patients. Prenatal care was adequate in approximately 23% of the cases. Low prevalence of referral to maternity, educational strategies and examinations were observed. The analysis showed that non-adolescent women (OR = 1,390), with a longer period of schooling (OR = 1.750), higher per capita income (OR = 1,870) and primiparous women (OR = 1,230) were more likely to have an adequate prenatal. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal care, when evaluated by broader criteria, showed a low percentage of adequacy. Strategies should be developed to ensure the referral to the maternity where the birth will take place and health education activities and examinations to provide adequate prenatal care in the municipality under study. In addition, factors associated with adequacy must be considered by managers and health professionals.

Online participatory intervention to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding: Randomized clinical trial.

The support offered to mothers after hospital discharge can be decisive in maintaining exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months post-partum. The objective of this study was to assess the impact on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding of a participatory intervention using an online social network. A randomized clinical trial was performed involving 251 mother-child pairings in a university hospital in the Northeast of Brazil, 123 of which assigned to the intervention group and 128 to the control group. After hospital discharge, the intervention group was followed through a closed group of an online social network, where weekly posters were published on topics related to breastfeeding and an active communication was established with the mothers. The groups were interviewed monthly over the phone until the child reached 6 months of age. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was calculated through survival analysis, and the effect of the intervention was estimated through the Cox regression model. The exclusive breastfeeding frequencies were higher in the intervention group in all follow-up months, reaching 33.3% in the sixth month versus 8.3% in the control group. The median exclusive breastfeeding duration was 149 days (95% CI [129.6, 168.4]) in the intervention group and 86 days (95% CI [64.9, 107.1]) in the control group (P < 0.0001). The proportional risk of early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding was 0.38 (95% CI [0.28, 0.51], P < 0.0001). This intervention had a positive impact on the duration and frequency of exclusive breastfeeding.

[Factors associated with adherence to school meals by adolescents in State public schools in Colombo, Paraná State, Brazil]. / Fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar por adolescentes de escolas públicas estaduais de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of adherence to school meals and associated factors among adolescent schoolchildren (N = 1,569). The adolescents completed an on-line questionnaire on adherence to school meals, and their parents answered another questionnaire on socioeconomic data. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between adherence to school meals and gender, nutritional status, per capita family income, maternal schooling, adolescents' opinions on the dining hall layout, whether they considered school meals healthy, and consumption of other foods. Variables with statistical significance for adherence to school meals were included in the multilevel proportional odds logistic regression model. The covariates for comprising the final model were defined by backward selection methods. The results of the adjusted model were presented as odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Prevalence of adherence to school meals was low, especially effective adherence (19.8%). Adherence was associated with per capita family income less than one minimum wage, lower consumption of foods outside of school meals, the fact that adolescents considered the dining hall space adequate, and believing that school meals are healthy. Adherence to school meals in this study falls short of universal coverage for the program. Different factors contribute to incomplete program implementation, which may hinder achieving the food and nutritional security policy under the Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE).

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar de adolescentes, sendo avaliados 1.569 indivíduos. Foi aplicado um formulário on-line sobre adesão à alimentação escolar aos adolescentes, e outro com dados socioeconômicos, aos pais. O teste de χ² foi utilizado para avaliar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e sexo, estado nutricional, renda familiar per capita, escolaridade materna, opinião dos adolescentes sobre a estrutura do refeitório, se consideram a alimentação escolar saudável ou não e consumo de outros alimentos. As variáveis com significância estatística em relação à adesão à alimentação escolar foram incluídas no modelo de regressão logística de chances proporcionais pelo modelo multinível. O conjunto de covariáveis a compor o modelo final foi definido por métodos de seleção Backward. O resultado do modelo ajustado foi apresentado na forma de razão de chances, acompanhado dos respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência de adesão à alimentação escolar foi baixa, especialmente a adesão efetiva (19,8%). A adesão mostrou-se associada à renda familiar per capita inferior a um salário mínimo, ao menor consumo de alimentos que não os da alimentação escolar, ao fato de os adolescentes considerarem o espaço do refeitório adequado e acreditarem que a alimentação escolar era saudável. A adesão à alimentação escolar neste estudo está distante de atender a universalidade do programa. Diferentes fatores apontados contribuem para a sua não efetivação, o que pode dificultar a concretização da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional, uma perspectiva do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE).

El objetivo de este estudio es identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de adolescentes, siendo evaluados 1.569 individuos. Se aplicó un formulario on-line sobre adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de los adolescentes, y otro con datos socioeconómicos a los padres. El test de χ² se utilizó para evaluar la asociación entre la adhesión a la alimentación escolar y sexo, estado nutricional, renta familiar per cápita, escolaridad materna, opinión de los adolescentes sobre la estructura del comedor, si consideraban la alimentación escolar sana o no y el consumo de otros alimentos. Las variables con significancia estadística, en relación con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar, se incluyeron en el modelo de regresión logística de oportunidades proporcionales por el modelo multinivel. El conjunto de covariables para componer el modelo final fue definido por métodos de selección Backward. El resultado del modelo ajustado fue presentado en forma de razón de oportunidad, acompañado de sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia de adhesión a la alimentación escolar fue baja, especialmente la adhesión efectiva (19,8%). La adhesión se mostró asociada a la renta familiar per cápita inferior a un salario mínimo, a un menor consumo de alimentos que no son los de la alimentación escolar, al hecho de que los adolescentes considerasen el espacio del comedor adecuado y creyeran que la alimentación escolar era sana. La adhesión a la alimentación escolar en este estudio está distante de atender la universalidad del programa. Diferentes factores apuntados contribuyen a su no efectivación, lo que puede dificultar la concretización de la política de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, una perspectiva del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE).

VITAMIN E IN HUMAN MILK AND ITS RELATION TO THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT OF THE TERM NEWBORN. / VITAMINA E NO LEITE HUMANO E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O REQUERIMENTO NUTRICIONAL DO RECÉM-NASCIDO A TERMO.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the alpha-tocopherol concentration in breast milk at different periods of lactation and to estimate the possible supply of vitamin E to the infant. METHODS: A longitudinal observational study was carried out with 100 mothers at University Hospital Ana Bezerra (HUAB), at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, in Santa Cruz (RN), Northeast Brazil. Samples of colostrum (n=100), transitional milk (n=77), and mature milk (n=63) were collected. Alpha-tocopherol was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin supply to the newborn was estimated by comparing the nutritional requirement of vitamin E (4 mg/day) with the potential daily intake of milk. RESULTS: The mean alpha-tocopherol concentration found in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk was 40.5±15.0 µmol/L, 13.9±5.2 µmol/L, and 8.0±3.8 µmol/L, respectively (p<0.001). The possible effect of these milks offered to the infant 6.2 mg/day of vitamin E in colostrum, 4.7 mg/day in transitional milk, and 2.7 mg/day in mature milk (p<0.0001), shows that only the mature milk did not guarantee the recommended quantity of this vitamin. CONCLUSIONS: Alpha-tocopherol levels in human milk decrease through the progression of lactation, and the possible intake of colostrum and transitional milk met the nutritional requirement of the infant. Mature milk may provide smaller amounts of vitamin E. Thus, it is important to study the factors that are associated with such low levels.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no leite materno em diferentes períodos de lactação e estimar o provável fornecimento de vitamina E ao lactente. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal observacional realizado com 100 puérperas atendidas para o parto no Hospital Universitário Ana Bezerra (HUAB) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), em Santa Cruz (RN). Foram coletados leite colostro (n=100), leite de transição (n=77) e leite maduro (n=63) no seguimento da lactação. O alfa-tocoferol foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O fornecimento de vitamina E para o neonato foi estimado comparando-se o requerimento nutricional de vitamina E (4 mg/dia) com a ingestão diária de leite. RESULTADOS: A concentração média de alfa-tocoferol encontrada nos leites colostro, de transição e maduro foi 40,5±15,0 µmol/L, 13,9±5,2 µmol/L e 8,0±3,8 µmol/L, respectivamente (p<0,001). A possível ingestão desses leites pelo lactente forneceu 6,2 mg/dia de vitamina E no colostro, 4,7 mg/dia no de transição e 2,7 mg/dia no maduro (p<0,0001), evidenciando que apenas o último não garantiu a quantidade recomendada dessa vitamina. CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de alfa-tocoferol no leite diminuíram com a progressão da lactação, e a provável ingestão dos leites colostro e de transição conseguiu atender ao requerimento nutricional do lactente. O leite maduro pode fornecer menores quantidades da vitamina E, o que torna importante o estudo dos fatores que se associam a esses baixos níveis.

Fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar por adolescentes de escolas públicas estaduais de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil / Factors associated with adherence to school meals by adolescents in State public schools in Colombo, Paraná State, Brazil / Factores asociados con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de adolescentes de escuelas públicas estatales de Colombo, Paraná, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à adesão à alimentação escolar de adolescentes, sendo avaliados 1.569 indivíduos. Foi aplicado um formulário on-line sobre adesão à alimentação escolar aos adolescentes, e outro com dados socioeconômicos, aos pais. O teste de χ² foi utilizado para avaliar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e sexo, estado nutricional, renda familiar per capita, escolaridade materna, opinião dos adolescentes sobre a estrutura do refeitório, se consideram a alimentação escolar saudável ou não e consumo de outros alimentos. As variáveis com significância estatística em relação à adesão à alimentação escolar foram incluídas no modelo de regressão logística de chances proporcionais pelo modelo multinível. O conjunto de covariáveis a compor o modelo final foi definido por métodos de seleção Backward. O resultado do modelo ajustado foi apresentado na forma de razão de chances, acompanhado dos respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A prevalência de adesão à alimentação escolar foi baixa, especialmente a adesão efetiva (19,8%). A adesão mostrou-se associada à renda familiar per capita inferior a um salário mínimo, ao menor consumo de alimentos que não os da alimentação escolar, ao fato de os adolescentes considerarem o espaço do refeitório adequado e acreditarem que a alimentação escolar era saudável. A adesão à alimentação escolar neste estudo está distante de atender a universalidade do programa. Diferentes fatores apontados contribuem para a sua não efetivação, o que pode dificultar a concretização da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional, uma perspectiva do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE).

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of adherence to school meals and associated factors among adolescent schoolchildren (N = 1,569). The adolescents completed an on-line questionnaire on adherence to school meals, and their parents answered another questionnaire on socioeconomic data. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between adherence to school meals and gender, nutritional status, per capita family income, maternal schooling, adolescents' opinions on the dining hall layout, whether they considered school meals healthy, and consumption of other foods. Variables with statistical significance for adherence to school meals were included in the multilevel proportional odds logistic regression model. The covariates for comprising the final model were defined by backward selection methods. The results of the adjusted model were presented as odds ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Prevalence of adherence to school meals was low, especially effective adherence (19.8%). Adherence was associated with per capita family income less than one minimum wage, lower consumption of foods outside of school meals, the fact that adolescents considered the dining hall space adequate, and believing that school meals are healthy. Adherence to school meals in this study falls short of universal coverage for the program. Different factors contribute to incomplete program implementation, which may hinder achieving the food and nutritional security policy under the Brazilian National School Feeding Program (PNAE).

El objetivo de este estudio es identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de adolescentes, siendo evaluados 1.569 individuos. Se aplicó un formulario on-line sobre adhesión a la alimentación escolar por parte de los adolescentes, y otro con datos socioeconómicos a los padres. El test de χ² se utilizó para evaluar la asociación entre la adhesión a la alimentación escolar y sexo, estado nutricional, renta familiar per cápita, escolaridad materna, opinión de los adolescentes sobre la estructura del comedor, si consideraban la alimentación escolar sana o no y el consumo de otros alimentos. Las variables con significancia estadística, en relación con la adhesión a la alimentación escolar, se incluyeron en el modelo de regresión logística de oportunidades proporcionales por el modelo multinivel. El conjunto de covariables para componer el modelo final fue definido por métodos de selección Backward. El resultado del modelo ajustado fue presentado en forma de razón de oportunidad, acompañado de sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La prevalencia de adhesión a la alimentación escolar fue baja, especialmente la adhesión efectiva (19,8%). La adhesión se mostró asociada a la renta familiar per cápita inferior a un salario mínimo, a un menor consumo de alimentos que no son los de la alimentación escolar, al hecho de que los adolescentes considerasen el espacio del comedor adecuado y creyeran que la alimentación escolar era sana. La adhesión a la alimentación escolar en este estudio está distante de atender la universalidad del programa. Diferentes factores apuntados contribuyen a su no efectivación, lo que puede dificultar la concretización de la política de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, una perspectiva del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE).

Vitamina e no leite humano e sua relação com o requerimento nutricional do recém-nascido a termo / Vitamin e in human milk and its relation to the nutritional requirement of the term newborn

RESUMO Objetivos: Determinar a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no leite materno em diferentes períodos de lactação e estimar o provável fornecimento de vitamina E ao lactente. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal observacional realizado com 100 puérperas atendidas para o parto no Hospital Universitário Ana Bezerra (HUAB) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), em Santa Cruz (RN). Foram coletados leite colostro (n=100), leite de transição (n=77) e leite maduro (n=63) no seguimento da lactação. O alfa-tocoferol foi analisado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. O fornecimento de vitamina E para o neonato foi estimado comparando-se o requerimento nutricional de vitamina E (4 mg/dia) com a ingestão diária de leite. Resultados: A concentração média de alfa-tocoferol encontrada nos leites colostro, de transição e maduro foi 40,5±15,0 µmol/L, 13,9±5,2 µmol/L e 8,0±3,8 µmol/L, respectivamente (p<0,001). A possível ingestão desses leites pelo lactente forneceu 6,2 mg/dia de vitamina E no colostro, 4,7 mg/dia no de transição e 2,7 mg/dia no maduro (p<0,0001), evidenciando que apenas o último não garantiu a quantidade recomendada dessa vitamina. Conclusões: Os níveis de alfa-tocoferol no leite diminuíram com a progressão da lactação, e a provável ingestão dos leites colostro e de transição conseguiu atender ao requerimento nutricional do lactente. O leite maduro pode fornecer menores quantidades da vitamina E, o que torna importante o estudo dos fatores que se associam a esses baixos níveis.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the alpha-tocopherol concentration in breast milk at different periods of lactation and to estimate the possible supply of vitamin E to the infant. Methods: A longitudinal observational study was carried out with 100 mothers at University Hospital Ana Bezerra (HUAB), at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, in Santa Cruz (RN), Northeast Brazil. Samples of colostrum (n=100), transitional milk (n=77), and mature milk (n=63) were collected. Alpha-tocopherol was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin supply to the newborn was estimated by comparing the nutritional requirement of vitamin E (4 mg/day) with the potential daily intake of milk. Results: The mean alpha-tocopherol concentration found in colostrum, transitional, and mature milk was 40.5±15.0 µmol/L, 13.9±5.2 µmol/L, and 8.0±3.8 µmol/L, respectively (p<0.001). The possible effect of these milks offered to the infant 6.2 mg/day of vitamin E in colostrum, 4.7 mg/day in transitional milk, and 2.7 mg/day in mature milk (p<0.0001), shows that only the mature milk did not guarantee the recommended quantity of this vitamin. Conclusions: Alpha-tocopherol levels in human milk decrease through the progression of lactation, and the possible intake of colostrum and transitional milk met the nutritional requirement of the infant. Mature milk may provide smaller amounts of vitamin E. Thus, it is important to study the factors that are associated with such low levels.

Impact of educational strategies in low-risk prenatal care: systematic review of randomized clinical trials. / Impacto de estratégias educacionais no pré-natal de baixo risco: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of educational strategies developed in low-risk prenatal care on obstetric outcomes from a systematic literature review. This review consulted databases PubMed, Medline, SciELO and Lilacs, analyzing randomized clinical trials with the following birth outcomes: birth weight, prematurity and breastfeeding, using the following combination of keywords: pre-natal, antenatal visits, education, health education, pregnancy outcomes, birth weight, prematurity, breastfeeding and randomized clinical trial. Nine studies were included following quality evaluation. Actions prove to be more effective when extended to the postpartum period. Most of them occurred during home visits and had a positive impact on breastfeeding and birth weight. The establishment of groups of pregnant women contributed to lower prevalence of prematurity. Breastfeeding was found to be the outcome most sensitive to educational strategies. Educational practices during the prenatal period contributed to favorable obstetric outcomes as they minimized pregnant women concerns and anxiety during the pregnancy process, preparing them for childbirth and postpartum, and should be incorporated into health services' work process.

Impacto de estratégias educacionais no pré-natal de baixo risco: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados / Impact of educational strategies in low-risk prenatal care: systematic review of randomized clinical trials

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a partir de uma revisão sistemática o impacto de estratégias educacionais desenvolvidas no pré-natal de baixo risco em resultados obstétricos. Foi feita a busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, SciELO e Lilacs por ensaios clínicos randomizados com os desfechos de nascimento: peso ao nascer, prematuridade e aleitamento materno. Foram utilizados os descritores em combinação: prenatal, antenatal visits, education, health education, pregnancy outcomes, birthweight, prematurity, breastfeeding e randomized clinical trials. Após a avaliação da qualidade, incluiu-se nove estudos. As ações mostraram-se mais eficazes quando estendidas até o período pós-parto. A maior parte delas aconteceu durante as visitas domiciliares e apresentou impacto positivo na prática do aleitamento materno e peso ao nascer. A formação de grupos de gestantes contribuiu para menor prevalência de prematuridade. A amamentação mostrou-se o desfecho mais sensível às estratégias educativas. Práticas educativas durante o pré-natal contribuem para resultados obstétricos favoráveis por minimizarem dúvidas e anseios da mulher durante o processo de gestação, preparando-a para o parto e pós-parto, devendo ser incorporadas no processo de trabalho dos serviços de saúde.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the impact of educational strategies developed in low-risk prenatal care on obstetric outcomes from a systematic literature review. This review consulted databases PubMed, Medline, SciELO and Lilacs, analyzing randomized clinical trials with the following birth outcomes: birth weight, prematurity and breastfeeding, using the following combination of keywords: pre-natal, antenatal visits, education, health education, pregnancy outcomes, birth weight, prematurity, breastfeeding and randomized clinical trial. Nine studies were included following quality evaluation. Actions prove to be more effective when extended to the postpartum period. Most of them occurred during home visits and had a positive impact on breastfeeding and birth weight. The establishment of groups of pregnant women contributed to lower prevalence of prematurity. Breastfeeding was found to be the outcome most sensitive to educational strategies. Educational practices during the prenatal period contributed to favorable obstetric outcomes as they minimized pregnant women concerns and anxiety during the pregnancy process, preparing them for childbirth and postpartum, and should be incorporated into health services’ work process.

Prevalence and risk factors of anemia in children / Prevalência e fatores de risco da anemia em crianças

Abstract Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in children attending Municipal Early Childhood Education Day Care Center (Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil [CMEI]) nurseries in Colombo-PR. Methods: Analytical, cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 334 children obtained by stratified cluster sampling, with random selection of 26 nurseries. Data collection was conducted through interviews with parents, assessment of iron intake by direct food weighing, and hemoglobin measurement using the finger-stick test. Bivariate association tests were performed followed by multiple logistic regression adjustment. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 34.7%. Factors associated with anemia were: maternal age younger than 28 years old (p = 0.03), male children (p = 0.02), children younger than 24 months (p = 0.01), and children who did not consume iron food sources (meat + beans + dark green leafy vegetables) (p = 0.02). There was no association between anemia and iron food intake in CMEI. However, iron intake was well below the recommended levels according to the National Education Development Fund resolution, higher prevalence of anemia was observed in children whose intake of iron, heme iron, and nonheme iron was below the median. Conclusions: In terms of public health, the prevalence of anemia is characterized as a moderate problem in the studied population and demonstrates the need for coordination of interdisciplinary actions for its reduction in CMEI nurseries.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia em crianças que frequentam berçários de Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil (CMEI) de Colombo (PR). Métodos: Estudo analítico, de caráter transversal, com amostra representativa de 334 crianças obtida por amostragem estratificada por conglomerados, com seleção aleatória de 26 berçários. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevista com os pais, avaliação da ingestão de ferro por pesagem direta de alimentos e dosagem de hemoglobina por punção digital. Foram feitos testes de associação bivariados seguidos pelo ajuste de uma regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência de anemia foi de 34,7%. Os fatores associados à anemia foram: idade materna inferior a 28 anos (p = 0,03), crianças do sexo masculino (p = 0,02), com idade inferior a 24 meses (p = 0,01) e que não consumiam fontes alimentares de ferro (carne + feijão + verduras verde-escuro) (p = 0,02). Não houve associação entre anemia e ingestão de ferro no CMEI. Porém, a ingestão de ferro foi bem abaixo da recomenda pela resolução do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação. Foi possível observar maior prevalência de anemia nas crianças cuja ingestão de ferro, ferro heme e ferro não heme apresentava-se abaixo da mediana. Conclusão: Em termos de saúde pública, a prevalência de anemia encontrada se caracteriza como um problema moderado na população estudada e demonstra a necessidade de articulação de ações interdisciplinares para a sua diminuição nos CMEIs.

Association between maternal vitamin E status and alpha-tocopherol levels in the newborn and colostrum.

Vitamin E is important because of its antioxidant activity in situations of oxidative stress, especially postnatally. Hence, the objective was to verify whether maternal alpha-tocopherol level is associated with the alpha-tocopherol levels of the newborn and colostrum. This is a cross-sectional study of 58 women and their term newborns from a public hospital. Blood and colostrum were collected to measure alpha-tocopherol levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mothers with serum alpha-tocopherol levels <16.2 mmol L(-1) and newborns <11.6 mmol L(-1) were indicative of deficiency or low levels. Mothers were divided into two groups: <16.2 mmol L(-1) and those with levels ≥16.2 mmol L(-1) . The mean (95% confidence interval) serum alpha-tocopherol levels of mothers, umbilical cords and colostrum were 28 (24-32), 6 (5-8) and 39 mmol L(-1) (32-45), respectively (P < 0.001); 19% of the women and 90% of the newborns had low alpha-tocopherol levels. Maternal alpha-tocopherol level was associated with that of the umbilical cord. Newborns from mothers at risk of deficiency had low alpha-tocopherol levels (P < 0.001). Colostrum levels of vitamin E were not influenced by maternal serum. Maternal deficiency influenced the vitamin E level of the umbilical cord but does not in the colostrum, evidencing distinct transfer mechanisms via the mammary gland.

Prevalence and risk factors of anemia in children.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with anemia in children attending Municipal Early Childhood Education Day Care Center (Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil [CMEI]) nurseries in Colombo-PR. METHODS: Analytical, cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 334 children obtained by stratified cluster sampling, with random selection of 26 nurseries. Data collection was conducted through interviews with parents, assessment of iron intake by direct food weighing, and hemoglobin measurement using the finger-stick test. Bivariate association tests were performed followed by multiple logistic regression adjustment. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 34.7%. Factors associated with anemia were: maternal age younger than 28 years old (p=0.03), male children (p=0.02), children younger than 24 months (p=0.01), and children who did not consume iron food sources (meat+beans+dark green leafy vegetables) (p=0.02). There was no association between anemia and iron food intake in CMEI. However, iron intake was well below the recommended levels according to the National Education Development Fund resolution, higher prevalence of anemia was observed in children whose intake of iron, heme iron, and nonheme iron was below the median. CONCLUSIONS: In terms of public health, the prevalence of anemia is characterized as a moderate problem in the studied population and demonstrates the need for coordination of interdisciplinary actions for its reduction in CMEI nurseries.

Perception of adolescents on healthy eating.

The objective in this article is to analyze how adolescents at a school in the interior of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, perceive healthy eating. A descriptive and exploratory study was undertaken, based on the qualitative method. Forty adolescents between 10 and 14 years of age were investigated, using a semistructured interview. The interviews were analyzed using the software Alceste, which evidenced two thematic axes: Eating practices, divided in two classes (routine eating diary and Eating at weekends); and Education practices, consisting of four classes (Factors interfering in and facilitating the maintenance of healthy eating, Role of the school in the education process for healthy eating, Knowledge on healthy eating, The family and the promotion of healthy eating). Although the interviewed adolescents are familiar with healthy eating, they do not always put it in practice, due to the multiple factors that interfere in their preferred diet. The school and the family play a fundamental role in encouraging healthy eating. The school needs to accomplish eating education practices that encourage the consumption of locally produced foods.

Percepção de adolescentes sobre a prática de alimentação saudável / Perception of adolescents on healthy eating

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção sobre a prática de alimentação saudável de adolescentes em uma escola do interior de Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo descritivo e exploratório, conduzido pelo método qualitativo. Foram investigados 40 adolescentes com idade entre 10 e 14 anos, através de uma entrevista semiestruturada. As entrevistas foram analisadas com o software Alceste que evidenciou dois eixos temáticos: Práticas alimentares, dividido em duas classes (Recordatório da alimentação rotineira e Alimentação durante o final de semana); e Práticas educativas, constituídas por quatro classes (Fatores interferentes e facilitadores na manutenção da prática alimentar saudável, Papel da escola no processo de educação para alimentação saudável, Conhecimento sobre alimentação saudável, A família e a promoção da alimentação saudável). Os adolescentes entrevistados, apesar de terem conhecimento sobre alimentação saudável, nem sempre o põem em prática, devido à multiplicidade de fatores que interferem em suas escolhas alimentares. A escola e a família apresentaram papel fundamental no incentivo à prática alimentar saudável. Identifica-se a necessidade da escola realizar práticas de educação alimentar que incentivem o consumo dos alimentos produzidos na localidade.

The objective in this article is to analyze how adolescents at a school in the interior of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, perceive healthy eating. A descriptive and exploratory study was undertaken, based on the qualitative method. Forty adolescents between 10 and 14 years of age were investigated, using a semistructured interview. The interviews were analyzed using the software Alceste, which evidenced two thematic axes: Eating practices, divided in two classes (routine eating diary and Eating at weekends); and Education practices, consisting of four classes (Factors interfering in and facilitating the maintenance of healthy eating, Role of the school in the education process for healthy eating, Knowledge on healthy eating, The family and the promotion of healthy eating). Although the interviewed adolescents are familiar with healthy eating, they do not always put it in practice, due to the multiple factors that interfere in their preferred diet. The school and the family play a fundamental role in encouraging healthy eating. The school needs to accomplish eating education practices that encourage the consumption of locally produced foods.

Consumo alimentar de crianças de 12 a 30 meses que frequentam Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil no município de Colombo, Sul do Brasil / Food consumption in 12-30-month-old children attending Municipal Daycare Centers in the municipality of Colombo, Southern Brazil

Objetivo:Analisar o consumo alimentar de crianças de 12 a 30 meses que frequentam Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil.Métodos:Estudo transversal realizado com 86 crianças dos Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil do município de Colombo, Paraná. O consumo alimentar nas creches foi avaliado pelo método da pesagem direta individual dos alimentos em dois dias não consecutivos e, no domicílio, utilizando-se o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Foram analisadas as medianas e o risco de inadequação de energia e de nutrientes de acordo com as Ingestões Dietéticas de Referência e as recomendações do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar.Resultados:A maioria dos nutrientes apresentou ingestão mediana diária acima dos valores recomendados pelas Ingestões Dietéticas de Referência; o cálcio apresentou o maior risco de inadequação entre os nutrientes; 43% das crianças mostraram elevada ingestão energética e o lipídeo apresentou valor abaixo do aceitável. O consumo nas creches foi inferior às recomendações do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar para energia, carboidrato, lipídeo, cálcio, ferro e fibras. A contribuição da ingestão de energia e lipídeo no domicílio foi superior a 50% em relação à ingestão diária.Conclusão:Os valores medianos dos nutrientes, geralmente acima das recomendações, associados aos riscos de inadequação de alguns micronutrientes e ao elevado consumo energético, evidenciam a importância de adequar o consumo alimentar e promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis nas crianças.

Objective:To analyze food consumption in 12-30 month-old children attending Municipal Daycare Centers.Methods: Cross-sectional study including 86 children of Municipal Daycare Centers in Colombo, Paraná State. Food consumption in the daycare centers was evaluated using the individual direct food weighing method in two non-consecutive days, and household food consumption was evaluated using the individual 24-hour dietary recall method. The median intake values and the prevalence of inadequacy of energy and nutrient intake were analyzed according to the Dietary Reference Intakes and the recommendations of the National School Feeding Program.Results: Most of the nutrients had median daily intake values above the daily dietary intake level, the Recommended Dietary Intake. Calcium had the highest prevalence of inadequacy among the nutrients evaluated; high energy intake was observed in 43% of children, and fat intake was below the recommended levels. The consumption of energy, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, iron, and fiber in the daycare centers evaluated was below the recommendations of the National School Feeding Program. The consumption of energy and fat at the household level accounts for more than 50% of the daily intake.Conclusion: The nutrient median intake values were in general above the recommended allowance, which, associated with the risk of inadequate intake of certain micronutrients and the high energy level consumption, demonstrates the importance of adequate food intake and the promotion healthy eating habits in children.

Food consumption of sugarcane workers' families in the Brazilian Northeast / Consumo alimentar de famílias de trabalhadores de cana-de-açúcar do Nordeste do Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the food intake of sugarcane workers' family members. METHODS: The food intake of 159 family members of sugarcane workers from Gameleira, Pernambuco, Brazilian Northeast, was investigated by directly weighing the foods on three non-consecutive days. The percent risk of inadequate macro- and micronutrient intakes was analyzed according to the Reference Dietary Intakes. The macronutrients were analyzed in relation to acceptable distribution intervals. The energy consumed from the various food groups was expressed as a ratio of the total energy intake. RESULTS: The median intake of carbohydrates and proteins remained above the Estimated Average Requirement, and all age groups presented a low risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes. The median intakes of riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, and iron remained above the Estimated Average Requirement for all age groups, but children aged 1-3 years presented a high percent risk of inadequate iron intake. All age groups presented high percent risk of inadequate zinc, calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C intakes. Grains and derivatives had a greater participation in the total energy intake, especially in men aged 19-30 years. The group "milk and dairy products" had a greater participation in the diet of children aged 1-3 years. CONCLUSION: The low percent risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes in all age groups was opposed to the high risk of inadequate mineral and vitamin intakes, making the population vulnerable to nutritional disorders caused by excess macronutrient intake and inadequate micronutrient intake. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar o consumo alimentar dos indivíduos de famílias de trabalhadores de cana de açúcar. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um inquérito de consumo alimentar envolvendo 159 sujeitos, oriundos de famílias de trabalhadores de cana de açúcar do município de Gameleira, Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. O instrumento foi aplicado pelo método de pesagem direta, por três dias não consecutivos. Os percentuais de risco de inadequação de macro e micronutrientes foram analisados segundo as Ingestões Dietéticas de Referência. Os macronutrientes foram analisados em relação aos intervalos de distribuição aceitável. O consumo energético dos grupos alimentares foi expresso pela sua participação relativa no total da dieta. RESULTADOS: O consumo mediano de carboidrato e proteína manteve-se acima da Necessidade Média Estimada e em todas as faixas etárias foi identificado baixo risco de inadequação desses nutrientes. A riboflavina, niacina, tiamina e ferro mantiveram-se acima daquela Necessidade em todas as faixas etárias, apresentando um percentual de risco de inadequação elevado para o ferro nas crianças de um a três anos. Por outro lado, zinco, cálcio, vitamina A e vitamina C apresentaram elevados percentuais de risco de inadequação em todas as faixas etárias. No consumo energético, houve maior participação dos cereais e derivados, especialmente na dieta dos homens de 19 a 30 anos. Já o grupo de leite e derivados teve a maior participação na dieta das crianças de um a três anos. CONCLUSÃO: Os baixos riscos de inadequação de carboidratos e proteínas, em todas as faixas etárias se contrapuseram aos riscos elevados de inadequação dos minerais e vitaminas, tornando a população vulnerável aos distúrbios nutricionais pelo excesso de macronutrientes e deficiência de micronutrientes. .

Construtos teóricos de Paulo Freire norteando as estratégias de promoção à amamentação / Using the theoretical constructs of Paulo Freire to guide breastfeeding promotion strategies

Refletir sobre a inserção dos construtos teóricos de Paulo Freire, o diálogo, a ética e a problematização, na promoção da amamentação, envolvendo a rede social da mulher. Métodos: ensaio teórico que consiste em exposição lógica, argumentativa e crítica, conduzida pelo pensamento freireano integrado ao fenômeno da amamentação para subsidiar novos caminhos que poderão permear as ações promotoras desta prática. Resultados: o desenvolvimento de ações educativas alicerçadas em um referencial teórico poderá guiar a implementação de estratégias na promoção da amamentação, baseadas na reflexão crítica da prática pedagógica libertadora, centrada no saber dialógico, problematizador e ético, no contexto da realidade de todos os atores envolvidos com o aleitamento materno. Conclusões: os construtos teóricos de Paulo Freire valorizam o saber popular e a troca de saberes no estabelecimento de uma relação de confiança entre os profissionais de saúde e as gestantes/nutrizes e familiares, durante as ações de promoção ao aleitamento materno...

To reflect on the use of the theoretical constructs of Paulo Freire, dialogue, ethics and problematization for the promotion of breastfeeding involving the woman's social network. Methods: a theoretical trial was carried out, consisting of a logical, argumentative and critical exposition, guided by Freire's thinking applied to breastfeeding, as a way of providing new approaches to actions promoting this practice. Results: the development of educational actions based on a theoretical point of reference may be able to guide the implementation of breastfeeding promotion strategies, based on the critical reflection of the practice of liberationist pedagogy, centered on dialogical, problematizing, ethical knowledge, in the context of the reality of all the actors involved in maternal breastfeeding. Conclusions: the theoretical constructs of Paulo Freire value popular knowledge and the exchange of know-how in the establishment of a relation of trust between health professionals and pregnant/nursing women and their family members during actions to promote maternal breastfeeding...